学习基础知识 || 快速入门 || 张量 || 数据集和数据加载器 || 转换 || 构建模型 || 自动求导 || 优化 || 保存和加载模型

快速上手

创建日期: 2021年2月9日 | 最后更新日期: 2024年8月27日 | 最后验证: 未验证

本节介绍了机器学习中常见任务的API。请参阅每个部分中的链接以深入了解相关内容。

处理数据

PyTorch 有两个 处理数据的基本构建块： torch.utils.data.DataLoader 和 torch.utils.data.Dataset。 Dataset 存储样本及其相应的标签，而 DataLoader 则将可迭代对象包装在 Dataset 周围。

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision import datasets
from torchvision.transforms import ToTensor

PyTorch 提供了特定领域的库，例如 TorchText, TorchVision 和 TorchAudio， 所有这些库都包含了数据集。对于本教程，我们将使用一个 TorchVision 数据集。

torchvision.datasets 模块包含 Dataset 个对象，适用于许多现实世界的视觉数据，如 CIFAR、COCO（完整列表在此）。在本教程中，我们 使用 FashionMNIST 数据集。每个 TorchVision Dataset 都包括两个参数：transform 和 target_transform，分别用于修改样本和标签。

# Download training data from open datasets.
training_data = datasets.FashionMNIST(
    root="data",
    train=True,
    download=True,
    transform=ToTensor(),
)

# Download test data from open datasets.
test_data = datasets.FashionMNIST(
    root="data",
    train=False,
    download=True,
    transform=ToTensor(),
)

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz

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Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz

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Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz

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Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz

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Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

我们传递 Dataset 作为参数给 DataLoader。这会将一个迭代器包装在我们的数据集上，并支持自动批量处理、采样、打乱和多进程数据加载。在这里，我们将批量大小定义为 64，即数据加载器迭代器中的每个元素将返回一个包含 64 个特征和标签的批次。

batch_size = 64

# Create data loaders.
train_dataloader = DataLoader(training_data, batch_size=batch_size)
test_dataloader = DataLoader(test_data, batch_size=batch_size)

for X, y in test_dataloader:
    print(f"Shape of X [N, C, H, W]: {X.shape}")
    print(f"Shape of y: {y.shape} {y.dtype}")
    break

Shape of X [N, C, H, W]: torch.Size([64, 1, 28, 28])
Shape of y: torch.Size([64]) torch.int64

阅读更多关于 在PyTorch中加载数据。

---

创建模型

要使用 PyTorch 定义一个神经网络，我们创建一个继承自 nn.Module 的类。我们在 __init__ 函数中定义网络的层，并在 forward 函数中指定数据如何通过网络传递。为了加速神经网络中的操作，如果可用，我们将它移动到 GPU 或 MPS。

# Get cpu, gpu or mps device for training.
device = (
    "cuda"
    if torch.cuda.is_available()
    else "mps"
    if torch.backends.mps.is_available()
    else "cpu"
)
print(f"Using {device} device")

# Define model
class NeuralNetwork(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.flatten = nn.Flatten()
        self.linear_relu_stack = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(28*28, 512),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(512, 512),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(512, 10)
        )

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.flatten(x)
        logits = self.linear_relu_stack(x)
        return logits

model = NeuralNetwork().to(device)
print(model)

Using cuda device
NeuralNetwork(
  (flatten): Flatten(start_dim=1, end_dim=-1)
  (linear_relu_stack): Sequential(
    (0): Linear(in_features=784, out_features=512, bias=True)
    (1): ReLU()
    (2): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=512, bias=True)
    (3): ReLU()
    (4): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=10, bias=True)
  )
)

阅读更多关于 在PyTorch中构建神经网络 的内容。

---

优化模型参数

要训练模型，我们需要一个损失函数 和一个优化器。

loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=1e-3)

在单个训练循环中，模型会对训练数据集进行预测（以批次的形式馈送），并反向传播预测误差以调整模型的参数。

def train(dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer):
    size = len(dataloader.dataset)
    model.train()
    for batch, (X, y) in enumerate(dataloader):
        X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)

        # Compute prediction error
        pred = model(X)
        loss = loss_fn(pred, y)

        # Backpropagation
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        if batch % 100 == 0:
            loss, current = loss.item(), (batch + 1) * len(X)
            print(f"loss: {loss:>7f}  [{current:>5d}/{size:>5d}]")

我们还会检查模型在测试数据集上的表现，以确保它正在学习。

def test(dataloader, model, loss_fn):
    size = len(dataloader.dataset)
    num_batches = len(dataloader)
    model.eval()
    test_loss, correct = 0, 0
    with torch.no_grad():
        for X, y in dataloader:
            X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
            pred = model(X)
            test_loss += loss_fn(pred, y).item()
            correct += (pred.argmax(1) == y).type(torch.float).sum().item()
    test_loss /= num_batches
    correct /= size
    print(f"Test Error: \n Accuracy: {(100*correct):>0.1f}%, Avg loss: {test_loss:>8f} \n")

训练过程会在多个迭代（轮次）中进行。在每个轮次中，模型会学习参数以做出更好的预测。我们会打印模型在每个轮次中的准确率和损失；我们希望看到准确率在每个轮次中增加，损失减少。

epochs = 5
for t in range(epochs):
    print(f"Epoch {t+1}\n-------------------------------")
    train(train_dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer)
    test(test_dataloader, model, loss_fn)
print("Done!")

Epoch 1
-------------------------------
loss: 2.303494  [   64/60000]
loss: 2.294637  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 2.277102  [12864/60000]
loss: 2.269977  [19264/60000]
loss: 2.254235  [25664/60000]
loss: 2.237146  [32064/60000]
loss: 2.231055  [38464/60000]
loss: 2.205037  [44864/60000]
loss: 2.203240  [51264/60000]
loss: 2.170889  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 53.9%, Avg loss: 2.168588

Epoch 2
-------------------------------
loss: 2.177787  [   64/60000]
loss: 2.168083  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 2.114910  [12864/60000]
loss: 2.130412  [19264/60000]
loss: 2.087473  [25664/60000]
loss: 2.039670  [32064/60000]
loss: 2.054274  [38464/60000]
loss: 1.985457  [44864/60000]
loss: 1.996023  [51264/60000]
loss: 1.917241  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 60.2%, Avg loss: 1.920374

Epoch 3
-------------------------------
loss: 1.951705  [   64/60000]
loss: 1.919516  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 1.808730  [12864/60000]
loss: 1.846550  [19264/60000]
loss: 1.740618  [25664/60000]
loss: 1.698733  [32064/60000]
loss: 1.708889  [38464/60000]
loss: 1.614436  [44864/60000]
loss: 1.646475  [51264/60000]
loss: 1.524308  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 61.4%, Avg loss: 1.547092

Epoch 4
-------------------------------
loss: 1.612695  [   64/60000]
loss: 1.570870  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 1.424730  [12864/60000]
loss: 1.489542  [19264/60000]
loss: 1.367256  [25664/60000]
loss: 1.373464  [32064/60000]
loss: 1.376744  [38464/60000]
loss: 1.304962  [44864/60000]
loss: 1.347154  [51264/60000]
loss: 1.230661  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 62.7%, Avg loss: 1.260891

Epoch 5
-------------------------------
loss: 1.337803  [   64/60000]
loss: 1.313278  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 1.151837  [12864/60000]
loss: 1.252142  [19264/60000]
loss: 1.123048  [25664/60000]
loss: 1.159531  [32064/60000]
loss: 1.175011  [38464/60000]
loss: 1.115554  [44864/60000]
loss: 1.160974  [51264/60000]
loss: 1.062730  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 64.6%, Avg loss: 1.087374

Done!

阅读更多关于 训练你的模型。

---

保存模型

一种常见的模型保存方式是序列化内部状态字典（该字典包含模型参数）。

torch.save(model.state_dict(), "model.pth")
print("Saved PyTorch Model State to model.pth")

Saved PyTorch Model State to model.pth

加载模型

加载模型的过程包括重新创建模型结构并将其状态字典加载进去。

model = NeuralNetwork().to(device)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load("model.pth", weights_only=True))

<All keys matched successfully>

此模型现在可以用于做出预测。

classes = [
    "T-shirt/top",
    "Trouser",
    "Pullover",
    "Dress",
    "Coat",
    "Sandal",
    "Shirt",
    "Sneaker",
    "Bag",
    "Ankle boot",
]

model.eval()
x, y = test_data[0][0], test_data[0][1]
with torch.no_grad():
    x = x.to(device)
    pred = model(x)
    predicted, actual = classes[pred[0].argmax(0)], classes[y]
    print(f'Predicted: "{predicted}", Actual: "{actual}"')

Predicted: "Ankle boot", Actual: "Ankle boot"

阅读更多关于 保存和加载您的模型。