注意

单击此处下载完整的示例代码

使用 CTC 解码器进行 ASR 推理¶

作者： Caroline Chen

本教程介绍如何使用具有词法约束和 KenLM 语言模型的 CTC 波束搜索解码器支持。我们在训练好的预训练 wav2vec 2.0 模型上演示了这一点使用 CTC 损失。

概述¶

Beam 搜索解码的工作原理是迭代扩展文本假设（beams）替换为下一个可能的字符，并且仅维护具有每个时间步的最高分。语言模型可以合并到评分计算和添加 Lexicon 约束会限制假设的 next 可能的标记，以便只有词典中的单词可以生成。

底层实现是从 Flashlight 的 Beam Search 解码器。解码器优化的数学公式可以是在 Wav2Letter 论文中找到，并且更详细的算法可以在此博客中找到。

使用具有语言的 CTC Beam Search 解码器运行 ASR 推理 model 和 lexicon 约束需要以下组件

声学模型：从音频波形预测语音的模型
Tokens：声学模型中可能预测的 Tokens
词典：可能的单词与其对应的单词之间的映射令牌序列
语言模型（LM）：使用 KenLM 训练的 n-gram 语言模型 library 或自定义语言继承

声学模型和设置¶

首先，我们导入必要的工具并获取我们所在的数据使用

import torch
import torchaudio

print(torch.__version__)
print(torchaudio.__version__)

2.2.0
2.2.0

import time
from typing import List

import IPython
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from torchaudio.models.decoder import ctc_decoder
from torchaudio.utils import download_asset

我们使用预先训练的 Wav2Vec 2.0 Base 模型，该模型在 LibriSpeech 的 10 分钟后进行了微调数据集，可以使用 . 有关运行 Wav2Vec 2.0 语音的更多详细信息 TorchAudio 中的识别管道，请参考这里教程。

bundle = torchaudio.pipelines.WAV2VEC2_ASR_BASE_10M
acoustic_model = bundle.get_model()

Downloading: "https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/models/wav2vec2_fairseq_base_ls960_asr_ll10m.pth" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/wav2vec2_fairseq_base_ls960_asr_ll10m.pth

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我们将从 LibriSpeech test-other 数据集加载一个样本。

speech_file = download_asset("tutorial-assets/ctc-decoding/1688-142285-0007.wav")

IPython.display.Audio(speech_file)

与此音频文件对应的转录文本为

i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some parts of what he said

waveform, sample_rate = torchaudio.load(speech_file)

if sample_rate != bundle.sample_rate:
    waveform = torchaudio.functional.resample(waveform, sample_rate, bundle.sample_rate)

解码器的文件和数据¶

接下来，我们加载我们的 token、lexicon 和语言模型数据，这些数据被使用通过解码器预测声学模型输出中的单词。预训练 LibriSpeech 数据集的文件可以通过 torchaudio 下载。或者用户可以提供自己的文件。

令牌¶

标记是声学模型可以预测的可能符号，包括空白和无声符号。它可以作为文件中，其中每行由对应于同一 index 或作为 token 列表，每个 Map 都对应一个唯一的索引。

# tokens.txt
_
|
e
t
...

tokens = [label.lower() for label in bundle.get_labels()]
print(tokens)

['-', '|', 'e', 't', 'a', 'o', 'n', 'i', 'h', 's', 'r', 'd', 'l', 'u', 'm', 'w', 'c', 'f', 'g', 'y', 'p', 'b', 'v', 'k', "'", 'x', 'j', 'q', 'z']

词汇¶

词典是从单词到其相应标记的映射 sequence 的 Sequence 中，用于将 decoder 的搜索空间限制为只有词典中的单词。词典文件的预期格式为每个单词一行，单词后跟其空格分隔标记。

# lexcion.txt
a a |
able a b l e |
about a b o u t |
...
...

语言模型¶

语言模型可用于解码以改进结果，方法是考虑表示将序列放入光束搜索计算中。下面，我们概述了支持解码的不同形式的语言模型。

无语言模型¶

要创建没有语言模型的解码器实例，请在初始化解码器时设置 lm=None。

肯LM¶

这是使用 KenLM 训练的 n-gram 语言模型库。或可以使用二进制化的 LM，但二进制格式为推荐用于更快的加载。.arpa.bin

本教程中使用的语言模型是使用 LibriSpeech 训练的 4 元语法 KenLM。

自定义语言模型¶

用户可以在 Python 中定义自己的自定义语言模型，无论它是一个统计或神经网络语言模型，使用和。

例如，以下代码围绕 PyTorch 语言模型创建基本包装器。torch.nn.Module

from torchaudio.models.decoder import CTCDecoderLM, CTCDecoderLMState


class CustomLM(CTCDecoderLM):
    """Create a Python wrapper around `language_model` to feed to the decoder."""

    def __init__(self, language_model: torch.nn.Module):
        CTCDecoderLM.__init__(self)
        self.language_model = language_model
        self.sil = -1  # index for silent token in the language model
        self.states = {}

        language_model.eval()

    def start(self, start_with_nothing: bool = False):
        state = CTCDecoderLMState()
        with torch.no_grad():
            score = self.language_model(self.sil)

        self.states[state] = score
        return state

    def score(self, state: CTCDecoderLMState, token_index: int):
        outstate = state.child(token_index)
        if outstate not in self.states:
            score = self.language_model(token_index)
            self.states[outstate] = score
        score = self.states[outstate]

        return outstate, score

    def finish(self, state: CTCDecoderLMState):
        return self.score(state, self.sil)

下载预训练文件¶

可以使用下载 LibriSpeech 数据集的预训练文件。

注意：此单元格可能需要几分钟才能运行，因为语言模型可以很大

from torchaudio.models.decoder import download_pretrained_files

files = download_pretrained_files("librispeech-4-gram")

print(files)

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PretrainedFiles(lexicon='/root/.cache/torch/hub/torchaudio/decoder-assets/librispeech-4-gram/lexicon.txt', tokens='/root/.cache/torch/hub/torchaudio/decoder-assets/librispeech-4-gram/tokens.txt', lm='/root/.cache/torch/hub/torchaudio/decoder-assets/librispeech-4-gram/lm.bin')

构造解码器¶

在本教程中，我们构造了一个波束搜索解码器和一个贪婪解码器进行比较。

波束搜索解码器¶

可以使用 factory function 构造解码器。除了前面提到的组件外，它还接收各种光束搜索解码参数和 token/word 参数。

此解码器也可以在没有语言模型的情况下运行，方法是将 None 传入 lm 参数。

LM_WEIGHT = 3.23
WORD_SCORE = -0.26

beam_search_decoder = ctc_decoder(
    lexicon=files.lexicon,
    tokens=files.tokens,
    lm=files.lm,
    nbest=3,
    beam_size=1500,
    lm_weight=LM_WEIGHT,
    word_score=WORD_SCORE,
)

贪婪解码器¶

class GreedyCTCDecoder(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, labels, blank=0):
        super().__init__()
        self.labels = labels
        self.blank = blank

    def forward(self, emission: torch.Tensor) -> List[str]:
        """Given a sequence emission over labels, get the best path
        Args:
          emission (Tensor): Logit tensors. Shape `[num_seq, num_label]`.

        Returns:
          List[str]: The resulting transcript
        """
        indices = torch.argmax(emission, dim=-1)  # [num_seq,]
        indices = torch.unique_consecutive(indices, dim=-1)
        indices = [i for i in indices if i != self.blank]
        joined = "".join([self.labels[i] for i in indices])
        return joined.replace("|", " ").strip().split()


greedy_decoder = GreedyCTCDecoder(tokens)

运行推理¶

现在我们有了数据、声学模型和解码器，我们可以执行推理。波束搜索解码器的输出为类型，由预测的标记 ID、相应的单词（如果提供了词典）、假设分数、以及与令牌 ID 对应的时间步长。调用与 waveform 为

i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some parts of what he said

actual_transcript = "i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some parts of what he said"
actual_transcript = actual_transcript.split()

emission, _ = acoustic_model(waveform)

贪婪解码器给出以下结果。

greedy_result = greedy_decoder(emission[0])
greedy_transcript = " ".join(greedy_result)
greedy_wer = torchaudio.functional.edit_distance(actual_transcript, greedy_result) / len(actual_transcript)

print(f"Transcript: {greedy_transcript}")
print(f"WER: {greedy_wer}")

Transcript: i reily was very much affrayd of showing him howmuch shoktd i wause at some parte of what he seid
WER: 0.38095238095238093

使用波束搜索解码器：

beam_search_result = beam_search_decoder(emission)
beam_search_transcript = " ".join(beam_search_result[0][0].words).strip()
beam_search_wer = torchaudio.functional.edit_distance(actual_transcript, beam_search_result[0][0].words) / len(
    actual_transcript
)

print(f"Transcript: {beam_search_transcript}")
print(f"WER: {beam_search_wer}")

Transcript: i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said
WER: 0.047619047619047616

注意

如果没有词典，则输出假设验证的字段将为空提供给解码器。使用无词典检索成绩单 decoding，您可以执行以下操作来检索 token 索引，将它们转换为原始令牌，然后将它们联接在一起。

tokens_str = "".join(beam_search_decoder.idxs_to_tokens(beam_search_result[0][0].tokens))
transcript = " ".join(tokens_str.split("|"))

我们看到，带有词典约束光束搜索的转录本 decoder 产生由真实单词组成的更准确的结果，而贪婪的解码器可以预测拼写错误的单词，例如“affrayd” 和 “shoktd”。

增量解码¶

如果输入语音很长，则可以在 incremental 方式。

您需要首先使用初始化解码器的内部状态。

beam_search_decoder.decode_begin()

然后，您可以将 emissions 传递给。在这里，我们使用相同的 Mission，但将其传递给解码器一个帧一次。

for t in range(emission.size(1)):
    beam_search_decoder.decode_step(emission[0, t:t + 1, :])

最后，完成解码器的内部状态，并检索结果。

beam_search_decoder.decode_end()
beam_search_result_inc = beam_search_decoder.get_final_hypothesis()

增量解码的结果与批量解码相同。

beam_search_transcript_inc = " ".join(beam_search_result_inc[0].words).strip()
beam_search_wer_inc = torchaudio.functional.edit_distance(
    actual_transcript, beam_search_result_inc[0].words) / len(actual_transcript)

print(f"Transcript: {beam_search_transcript_inc}")
print(f"WER: {beam_search_wer_inc}")

assert beam_search_result[0][0].words == beam_search_result_inc[0].words
assert beam_search_result[0][0].score == beam_search_result_inc[0].score
torch.testing.assert_close(beam_search_result[0][0].timesteps, beam_search_result_inc[0].timesteps)

Transcript: i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said
WER: 0.047619047619047616

时间步长对齐¶

回想一下，生成的 Hypotheses 的组成部分之一是时间步长对应于令牌 ID。

timesteps = beam_search_result[0][0].timesteps
predicted_tokens = beam_search_decoder.idxs_to_tokens(beam_search_result[0][0].tokens)

print(predicted_tokens, len(predicted_tokens))
print(timesteps, timesteps.shape[0])

['|', 'i', '|', 'r', 'e', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'y', '|', 'w', 'a', 's', '|', 'v', 'e', 'r', 'y', '|', 'm', 'u', 'c', 'h', '|', 'a', 'f', 'r', 'a', 'i', 'd', '|', 'o', 'f', '|', 's', 'h', 'o', 'w', 'i', 'n', 'g', '|', 'h', 'i', 'm', '|', 'h', 'o', 'w', '|', 'm', 'u', 'c', 'h', '|', 's', 'h', 'o', 'c', 'k', 'e', 'd', '|', 'i', '|', 'w', 'a', 's', '|', 'a', 't', '|', 's', 'o', 'm', 'e', '|', 'p', 'a', 'r', 't', '|', 'o', 'f', '|', 'w', 'h', 'a', 't', '|', 'h', 'e', '|', 's', 'a', 'i', 'd', '|', '|'] 99
tensor([  0,  31,  33,  36,  39,  41,  42,  44,  46,  48,  49,  52,  54,  58,
         64,  66,  69,  73,  74,  76,  80,  82,  84,  86,  88,  94,  97, 107,
        111, 112, 116, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 146, 148, 151, 153, 155, 157,
        159, 161, 162, 166, 170, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 186, 187, 191,
        193, 198, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 212, 213, 216, 222, 224, 230, 250,
        251, 254, 256, 261, 262, 264, 267, 270, 276, 277, 281, 284, 288, 289,
        292, 295, 297, 299, 300, 303, 305, 307, 310, 311, 324, 325, 329, 331,
        353], dtype=torch.int32) 99

下面，我们可视化了相对于原始波形的令牌时间步对准。

def plot_alignments(waveform, emission, tokens, timesteps, sample_rate):

    t = torch.arange(waveform.size(0)) / sample_rate
    ratio = waveform.size(0) / emission.size(1) / sample_rate

    chars = []
    words = []
    word_start = None
    for token, timestep in zip(tokens, timesteps * ratio):
        if token == "|":
            if word_start is not None:
                words.append((word_start, timestep))
            word_start = None
        else:
            chars.append((token, timestep))
            if word_start is None:
                word_start = timestep

    fig, axes = plt.subplots(3, 1)

    def _plot(ax, xlim):
        ax.plot(t, waveform)
        for token, timestep in chars:
            ax.annotate(token.upper(), (timestep, 0.5))
        for word_start, word_end in words:
            ax.axvspan(word_start, word_end, alpha=0.1, color="red")
        ax.set_ylim(-0.6, 0.7)
        ax.set_yticks([0])
        ax.grid(True, axis="y")
        ax.set_xlim(xlim)

    _plot(axes[0], (0.3, 2.5))
    _plot(axes[1], (2.5, 4.7))
    _plot(axes[2], (4.7, 6.9))
    axes[2].set_xlabel("time (sec)")
    fig.tight_layout()


plot_alignments(waveform[0], emission, predicted_tokens, timesteps, bundle.sample_rate)

Beam Search Decoder 参数¶

在本节中，我们将更深入地介绍一些不同的参数和权衡。有关可自定义参数的完整列表，请参阅。

辅助函数¶

def print_decoded(decoder, emission, param, param_value):
    start_time = time.monotonic()
    result = decoder(emission)
    decode_time = time.monotonic() - start_time

    transcript = " ".join(result[0][0].words).lower().strip()
    score = result[0][0].score
    print(f"{param} {param_value:<3}: {transcript} (score: {score:.2f}; {decode_time:.4f} secs)")

最佳¶

此参数指示要返回的最佳假设的数量，即是贪婪解码器无法实现的属性。为实例，通过在构建 Beam 搜索时进行设置 decoder 之前，我们现在可以访问得分前 3 的假设。nbest=3

for i in range(3):
    transcript = " ".join(beam_search_result[0][i].words).strip()
    score = beam_search_result[0][i].score
    print(f"{transcript} (score: {score})")

i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3699.8247656512226)
i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some parts of what he said (score: 3697.8590263593164)
i reply was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3695.0164135098426)

光束尺寸¶

该参数确定最佳每个解码步骤后要持有的假设。使用更大的光束尺寸允许探索更大范围的可能假设，这些假设可以生成分数较高的假设，但在计算上昂贵，并且不会在超过某个点后提供额外的收益。beam_size

在下面的示例中，我们看到解码质量的改进，因为我们将光束大小从 1 增加到 5 到 50，但请注意如何使用光束大小的 500 提供与光束大小 50 相同的输出，同时增加计算时间。

beam_sizes = [1, 5, 50, 500]

for beam_size in beam_sizes:
    beam_search_decoder = ctc_decoder(
        lexicon=files.lexicon,
        tokens=files.tokens,
        lm=files.lm,
        beam_size=beam_size,
        lm_weight=LM_WEIGHT,
        word_score=WORD_SCORE,
    )

    print_decoded(beam_search_decoder, emission, "beam size", beam_size)

beam size 1  : i you ery much afra of shongut shot i was at some arte what he sad (score: 3144.93; 0.0476 secs)
beam size 5  : i rely was very much afraid of showing him how much shot i was at some parts of what he said (score: 3688.02; 0.0513 secs)
beam size 50 : i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3699.82; 0.1665 secs)
beam size 500: i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3699.82; 0.5454 secs)

Beam Size 代币¶

该参数对应于考虑在解码步骤扩展每个假设。探索更多的下一个可能的代币会增加潜在范围以计算为代价的假设。beam_size_token

num_tokens = len(tokens)
beam_size_tokens = [1, 5, 10, num_tokens]

for beam_size_token in beam_size_tokens:
    beam_search_decoder = ctc_decoder(
        lexicon=files.lexicon,
        tokens=files.tokens,
        lm=files.lm,
        beam_size_token=beam_size_token,
        lm_weight=LM_WEIGHT,
        word_score=WORD_SCORE,
    )

    print_decoded(beam_search_decoder, emission, "beam size token", beam_size_token)

beam size token 1  : i rely was very much affray of showing him hoch shot i was at some part of what he sed (score: 3584.80; 0.1582 secs)
beam size token 5  : i rely was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3694.83; 0.1784 secs)
beam size token 10 : i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3696.25; 0.1977 secs)
beam size token 29 : i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3699.82; 0.2287 secs)

光束阈值¶

该参数用于修剪存储的假设 set 在每个解码步骤中，删除分数更高的假设比远离最高分的假设。那里是在选择较小的阈值以修剪更多假设并减少搜索空间，并选择足够大的阈值，以便不会修剪合理的假设。beam_thresholdbeam_threshold

beam_thresholds = [1, 5, 10, 25]

for beam_threshold in beam_thresholds:
    beam_search_decoder = ctc_decoder(
        lexicon=files.lexicon,
        tokens=files.tokens,
        lm=files.lm,
        beam_threshold=beam_threshold,
        lm_weight=LM_WEIGHT,
        word_score=WORD_SCORE,
    )

    print_decoded(beam_search_decoder, emission, "beam threshold", beam_threshold)

beam threshold 1  : i ila ery much afraid of shongut shot i was at some parts of what he said (score: 3316.20; 0.0281 secs)
beam threshold 5  : i rely was very much afraid of showing him how much shot i was at some parts of what he said (score: 3682.23; 0.0506 secs)
beam threshold 10 : i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3699.82; 0.2118 secs)
beam threshold 25 : i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3699.82; 0.2319 secs)

语言模型权重¶

该参数是要分配给语言的权重模型分数（Model Score）与声学模型分数（Acoustic Model Score）相加的分数确定总分。较大的权重鼓励模型根据语言模型预测下一个单词，而较小的权重请改为为 Acoustic Model Score 赋予更多权重。lm_weight

lm_weights = [0, LM_WEIGHT, 15]

for lm_weight in lm_weights:
    beam_search_decoder = ctc_decoder(
        lexicon=files.lexicon,
        tokens=files.tokens,
        lm=files.lm,
        lm_weight=lm_weight,
        word_score=WORD_SCORE,
    )

    print_decoded(beam_search_decoder, emission, "lm weight", lm_weight)

lm weight 0  : i rely was very much affraid of showing him ho much shoke i was at some parte of what he seid (score: 3834.06; 0.2554 secs)
lm weight 3.23: i really was very much afraid of showing him how much shocked i was at some part of what he said (score: 3699.82; 0.2617 secs)
lm weight 15 : was there in his was at some of what he said (score: 2918.99; 0.2414 secs)

其他参数¶

可以优化的其他参数包括

word_score：单词结束时添加的分数
unk_score：要添加的未知单词外观分数
sil_score：要添加的静音外观分数
log_add：是否对词典 Trie 涂抹使用 log add

脚本总运行时间：（1 分 55.312 秒）

由 Sphinx-Gallery 生成的图库

使用 CTC 解码器进行 ASR 推理¶

概述¶

声学模型和设置¶

解码器的文件和数据¶

令牌¶

词汇¶

语言模型¶

无语言模型¶

肯LM¶

自定义语言模型¶

下载预训练文件¶

构造解码器¶

波束搜索解码器¶

贪婪解码器¶

运行推理¶

增量解码¶

时间步长对齐¶

Beam Search Decoder 参数¶

辅助函数¶

最佳¶

光束尺寸¶

Beam Size 代币¶

光束阈值¶

语言模型权重¶

其他参数¶

文档

教程

资源

使用 CTC 解码器进行 ASR 推理¶

概述¶

声学模型和设置¶

解码器的文件和数据¶

令 牌¶

词汇¶

语言模型¶

无语言模型¶

肯LM¶

自定义语言模型¶

下载预训练文件¶

构造解码器¶

波束搜索解码器¶

贪婪解码器¶

运行推理¶

增量解码¶

时间步长对齐¶

Beam Search Decoder 参数¶

辅助函数¶

最佳¶

光束尺寸¶

Beam Size 代币¶

光束阈值¶

语言模型权重¶

其他参数¶

文档

教程

资源

令牌¶