目录

操作张量字典的形状

作者: Tom Begley

在这个教程中,您将学习如何操作 TensorDict 的形状及其内容。

当我们创建一个 TensorDict 时,我们指定了一个 batch_size,它必须与 TensorDict 中所有条目的前导维度一致。由于我们保证所有条目共享这些共同的维度,TensorDict 能够提供一系列方法,通过这些方法我们可以操作 TensorDict 的形状及其内容。

import torch
from tensordict.tensordict import TensorDict

索引 TensorDict

由于所有条目的批量维度都保证存在,我们可以随意索引它们,并且 TensorDict 的每个条目都将以相同的方式进行索引。

a = torch.rand(3, 4)
b = torch.rand(3, 4, 5)
tensordict = TensorDict({"a": a, "b": b}, batch_size=[3, 4])

indexed_tensordict = tensordict[:2, 1]
assert indexed_tensordict["a"].shape == torch.Size([2])
assert indexed_tensordict["b"].shape == torch.Size([2, 5])

重塑一个 TensorDict

TensorDict.reshape 的工作方式与 torch.Tensor.reshape() 相同。它适用于所有内容的 TensorDict 沿着批量维度 - 注意 b 在下面示例中的形状。它还更新了 batch_size 属性。

reshaped_tensordict = tensordict.reshape(-1)
assert reshaped_tensordict.batch_size == torch.Size([12])
assert reshaped_tensordict["a"].shape == torch.Size([12])
assert reshaped_tensordict["b"].shape == torch.Size([12, 5])

Splitting a TensorDict

TensorDict.splittorch.Tensor.split() 类似。它将 TensorDict 分割成块。每个块是一个 TensorDict,其结构与原始对象相同,但其条目是原始 TensorDict 中相应条目的视图。

chunks = tensordict.split([3, 1], dim=1)
assert chunks[0].batch_size == torch.Size([3, 3])
assert chunks[1].batch_size == torch.Size([3, 1])
torch.testing.assert_close(chunks[0]["a"], tensordict["a"][:, :-1])

注意

每当某个函数或方法接受一个 dim 参数时,负维度将相对于该函数或方法所作用的 TensorDictbatch_size 进行解释。特别地,如果存在具有不同批量大小的嵌套 TensorDict 值,则负维度始终相对于根节点的批量维度进行解释。

>>> tensordict = TensorDict(
...     {
...         "a": torch.rand(3, 4),
...         "nested": TensorDict({"b": torch.rand(3, 4, 5)}, [3, 4, 5])
...     },
...     [3, 4],
... )
>>> # dim = -2 will be interpreted as the first dimension throughout, as the root
>>> # TensorDict has 2 batch dimensions, even though the nested TensorDict has 3
>>> chunks = tensordict.split([2, 1], dim=-2)
>>> assert chunks[0].batch_size == torch.Size([2, 4])
>>> assert chunks[0]["nested"].batch_size == torch.Size([2, 4, 5])

从这个例子可以看出,TensorDict.split 方法的行为与我们在调用之前将 dim=-2 替换为 dim=tensordict.batch_dims - 2 完全相同。

解除绑定

TensorDict.unbind 类似于 torch.Tensor.unbind(),并且概念上类似于 TensorDict.split。它移除了指定的 维度并返回该维度上所有切片的 tuple

slices = tensordict.unbind(dim=1)
assert len(slices) == 4
assert all(s.batch_size == torch.Size([3]) for s in slices)
torch.testing.assert_close(slices[0]["a"], tensordict["a"][:, 0])

堆叠和连接

TensorDict 可以与 torch.cattorch.stack 结合使用。

Stacking TensorDict

堆叠可以懒惰地或连续地完成。懒惰堆叠只是一个张量字典列表,以堆叠的张量字典形式呈现。它允许用户携带具有不同内容形状、设备或键集的张量字典包。另一个优点是堆叠操作可能很昂贵,如果只需要一小部分键,则懒惰堆叠将比适当的堆叠快得多。 它依赖于LazyStackedTensorDict类。 在这种情况下,值仅在访问时按需堆叠。

from tensordict import LazyStackedTensorDict

cloned_tensordict = tensordict.clone()
stacked_tensordict = LazyStackedTensorDict.lazy_stack(
    [tensordict, cloned_tensordict], dim=0
)
print(stacked_tensordict)

# Previously, torch.stack was always returning a lazy stack. For consistency with
# the regular PyTorch API, this behaviour will soon be adapted to deliver only
# dense tensordicts. To control which behaviour you are relying on, you can use
# the :func:`~tensordict.utils.set_lazy_legacy` decorator/context manager:

from tensordict.utils import set_lazy_legacy

with set_lazy_legacy(True):  # old behaviour
    lazy_stack = torch.stack([tensordict, cloned_tensordict])
assert isinstance(lazy_stack, LazyStackedTensorDict)

with set_lazy_legacy(False):  # new behaviour
    dense_stack = torch.stack([tensordict, cloned_tensordict])
assert isinstance(dense_stack, TensorDict)
LazyStackedTensorDict(
    fields={
        a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([2, 3, 4]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        b: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([2, 3, 4, 5]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    exclusive_fields={
    },
    batch_size=torch.Size([2, 3, 4]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False,
    stack_dim=0)

如果我们沿着堆叠维度索引一个 LazyStackedTensorDict,我们恢复 原始的 TensorDict

assert stacked_tensordict[0] is tensordict
assert stacked_tensordict[1] is cloned_tensordict

访问 LazyStackedTensorDict 中的键会导致这些值被堆叠。如果键对应于嵌套的 TensorDict,那么我们将恢复另一个 LazyStackedTensorDict

assert stacked_tensordict["a"].shape == torch.Size([2, 3, 4])

注意

由于值是按需堆叠的,多次访问一个项目意味着它会被多次堆叠,这是低效的。如果你需要在堆叠的TensorDict中多次访问一个值,你可能需要考虑将LazyStackedTensorDict转换为连续的TensorDict,这可以通过LazyStackedTensorDict.to_tensordictLazyStackedTensorDict.contiguous方法完成。

>>> assert isinstance(stacked_tensordict.contiguous(), TensorDict)
>>> assert isinstance(stacked_tensordict.contiguous(), TensorDict)

调用这些方法中的任何一个之后,我们将得到一个包含堆叠值的常规TensorDict,并且在访问值时不会执行额外的计算。

Concatenating TensorDict

Concatenation is not done lazily, instead calling torch.cat() on a list of TensorDict instances simply returns a TensorDict whose entries are the concatenated entries of the elements of the list.

concatenated_tensordict = torch.cat([tensordict, cloned_tensordict], dim=0)
assert isinstance(concatenated_tensordict, TensorDict)
assert concatenated_tensordict.batch_size == torch.Size([6, 4])
assert concatenated_tensordict["b"].shape == torch.Size([6, 4, 5])

扩展 TensorDict

我们可以扩展所有 TensorDict 的条目,使用 TensorDict.expand

exp_tensordict = tensordict.expand(2, *tensordict.batch_size)
assert exp_tensordict.batch_size == torch.Size([2, 3, 4])
torch.testing.assert_close(exp_tensordict["a"][0], exp_tensordict["a"][1])

挤压和取消挤压 TensorDict

我们可以压缩或解压缩 TensorDict 的内容,使用 squeeze()unsqueeze() 方法。

tensordict = TensorDict({"a": torch.rand(3, 1, 4)}, [3, 1, 4])
squeezed_tensordict = tensordict.squeeze()
assert squeezed_tensordict["a"].shape == torch.Size([3, 4])
print(squeezed_tensordict, end="\n\n")

unsqueezed_tensordict = tensordict.unsqueeze(-1)
assert unsqueezed_tensordict["a"].shape == torch.Size([3, 1, 4, 1])
print(unsqueezed_tensordict)
TensorDict(
    fields={
        a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([3, 4]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([3, 4]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)

TensorDict(
    fields={
        a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([3, 1, 4, 1]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([3, 1, 4, 1]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)

注意

直到现在,操作如 unsqueeze(), squeeze(), view(), permute(), transpose() 都返回这些操作的懒惰版本(即,存储原始张量字典的容器,并且每次访问键时都会应用这些操作)。 这种行为将在未来被弃用,并且已经可以通过 set_lazy_legacy() 函数进行控制:

>>> with set_lazy_legacy(True):
...     lazy_unsqueeze = tensordict.unsqueeze(0)
>>> with set_lazy_legacy(False):
...     dense_unsqueeze = tensordict.unsqueeze(0)

请注意,与以往一样,这些方法仅适用于批处理维度。条目的任何非批处理维度均不受影响。

tensordict = TensorDict({"a": torch.rand(3, 1, 1, 4)}, [3, 1])
squeezed_tensordict = tensordict.squeeze()
# only one of the singleton dimensions is dropped as the other
# is not a batch dimension
assert squeezed_tensordict["a"].shape == torch.Size([3, 1, 4])

查看 TensorDict

TensorDict 还支持 view. 这创建了一个 _ViewedTensorDict 当访问其内容时会懒惰地创建视图。

tensordict = TensorDict({"a": torch.arange(12)}, [12])
# no views are created at this step
viewed_tensordict = tensordict.view((2, 3, 2))

# the view of "a" is created on-demand when we access it
assert viewed_tensordict["a"].shape == torch.Size([2, 3, 2])

交换批次维度

The TensorDict.permute 方法可以用于像 torch.permute() 一样交换批量维度。非批量维度保持不变。

此操作是懒惰的,因此只有在尝试访问条目时才会交换批量维度。一如既往,如果您可能需要多次访问特定条目,请考虑转换为 TensorDict

tensordict = TensorDict({"a": torch.rand(3, 4), "b": torch.rand(3, 4, 5)}, [3, 4])
# swap the batch dimensions
permuted_tensordict = tensordict.permute([1, 0])

assert permuted_tensordict["a"].shape == torch.Size([4, 3])
assert permuted_tensordict["b"].shape == torch.Size([4, 3, 5])

使用张量字典作为装饰器

对于一系列可逆操作,tensordicts 可以用作装饰器。 这些操作包括 to_module() 用于函数调用,unlock_()lock_() 或形状操作,如 view()permute() transpose()squeeze()unsqueeze()。 这里有一个使用 transpose 函数的快速示例:

tensordict = TensorDict({"a": torch.rand(3, 4), "b": torch.rand(3, 4, 5)}, [3, 4])

with tensordict.transpose(1, 0) as tdt:
    tdt.set("c", torch.ones(4, 3))  # we have permuted the dims

# the ``"c"`` entry is now in the tensordict we used as decorator:
#

assert (tensordict.get("c") == 1).all()

Gathering values in TensorDict

The TensorDict.gather 方法可以用于沿批处理维度进行索引并将结果聚集到一个维度中,类似于 torch.gather()

index = torch.randint(4, (3, 4))
gathered_tensordict = tensordict.gather(dim=1, index=index)
print("index:\n", index, end="\n\n")
print("tensordict['a']:\n", tensordict["a"], end="\n\n")
print("gathered_tensordict['a']:\n", gathered_tensordict["a"], end="\n\n")
index:
 tensor([[2, 3, 2, 1],
        [3, 3, 0, 0],
        [3, 1, 1, 2]])

tensordict['a']:
 tensor([[0.1814, 0.2808, 0.2381, 0.4003],
        [0.1536, 0.0138, 0.4464, 0.6981],
        [0.9308, 0.0727, 0.3552, 0.4791]])

gathered_tensordict['a']:
 tensor([[0.2381, 0.4003, 0.2381, 0.2808],
        [0.6981, 0.6981, 0.1536, 0.1536],
        [0.4791, 0.0727, 0.0727, 0.3552]])

脚本总运行时间: (0 分钟 0.008 秒)

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